Equilibrium

Topics in this chapter

• Equilibrium in Physical Processes

  • Introduction
  • Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
  • Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
  • Solid-Vapour Equilibrium
  • Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid or Gases in Liquids
  • General Characteristics of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes

• Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium

  • Introduction

• Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant

  • Introduction

• Homogeneous Equilibria

  • Introduction
  • Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems

• Heterogeneous Equilibria

  • Introduction

• Applications of Equilibrium Constants

  • Introduction
  • Magnitude of Equilibrium Constant
  • Predicting the Direction of the Reaction
  • Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

• Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G

  • Introduction

• Factors Affecting Equilibria

  • Introduction
  • Effect of Concentration Change
  • Effect of Pressure Change
  • Effect of Inert Gas Addition
  • Effect of Temperature Change
  • Effect of a Catalyst

• Ionic Equilibrium in Solution

  • Introduction

• Acids, Bases and Salts

  • Introduction
  • Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
  • The Brönsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
  • Lewis Acids and Bases

• Ionization of Acids and Bases

  • Introduction
  • The Ionization Constant of Water
  • The pH Scale
  • Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  • Ionization of Weak Bases
  • Relation between Ka and Kb
  • Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di- and Polyacidic Bases
  • Factors Affecting Acid Strength
  • Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases
  • Hydrolysis of Salts and the pH of their Solutions

• Buffer Solutions

  • Introduction
  • Designing Buffer Solution

• Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts

  • Introduction
  • Solubility Product Constant
  • Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts